The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes
What is a "stenographer"?
Someone with skilled transcription of speech

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
reliable transcriber
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Unsparing tests
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Textual material in type

Post an example of Linotype Machine.

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
Mechanical rather than done by hand
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
More efficient

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
Farther spaced apart and in a different order

Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug?
letter forms

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?

Most efficient and rapid

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
The Gutenberg Press

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work?
Form was pressed on a piece of paper
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Experimenting with metal typography
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
to see which one was faster

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
Movable components to reproduce elements of a document
What is a matrix?
Same letter that can be used anywhere in the book
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil based ink
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Wood pulp by Tsai Lun - China
What is a "substrate"?
something to write on
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?

Schoffer - he took credit for producing the Bible
What was the first book he printed?
Bible

Post an example of this book.

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Communication was more widespread

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton
What was the early form of newspapers?
Boston Letter
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The Times in England
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid-1800s?
Iron

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Letters
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Intaglio

Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Ink is applied -Damp paper is placed- wipe paper with cloth

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Ink is forced through mesh

Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
The use of oil and water and how they do not mix, planography

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset Lithography
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Evolved from each other
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow

Black

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
people have to read in order as it was written

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?
Covered and bound collection of hand written pages
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
it was sturdy
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
One can go to any place in the book; Sequential you have to go in order
What were the advantages of using the codex?
people can find things easier
What helped spread the use of the codex?
The rise of Christianity
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it.
Parchment, substrate made from animal skin
What is vellum?
Finer quality of parchment
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
Bible, books
What led to a period of cultural and economic deterioration?
Dark Ages

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monks
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
The borders and illustrations
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Feather pens
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
Christian Masses
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important
Craftsmanship is how a creater puts effort into a piece and it determines the quality of the design

The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
Greek alphabet
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Formal: important documents

Informal: letters

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
easy to use
From where did serifs originate?
Carving of words in stone & they didn't want the chisel to slip

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
Wanted type perfectly aligned in rows

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
The closeness of letters- alignment

Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
Phoenicians traveled to Greece on a regular basis

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?

They adapted some of the consonants as vowels

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
It has helped many other languages

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets.

Some of the letters are the same &  there are consonants and vowels

Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.

The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
hieroglyphics

Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
The letters where straight and angular- stylus

What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
Trade spread the language & easier to learn than hieroglyphics

What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?

Simplicity allowed it to be used in other languages and commoners learned how to write

Post and example of the Phoenician alpahbet in visual form.

Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians | 3,000 BC

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt?
persia, greeks, romans
Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.

What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
carved and painted images
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
cuneiform
What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
logograms are visual symbols representing ideas or objects
The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words? scared and writing
What is a scribe?
a school teching reading and writing
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
military leaders so that they could ocmmunicate in battle
Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.

What is papyrus and how was it made? substrate made from reeds
What is a substrate?
a layer that underlies something
What were the Books of the Dead?
scrolls written for the paraohs on papyrus
How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
their culture was lost through being ruled by greece and rome
Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
a stone that had hieroglyphics ingraved on it- Rosetta, Egypt
What three languages are included on the stone?
Greek, Hieroglyphics, Demotic
Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
no on knew the languages
Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
Jean Francois Champollion- he matched up the hieroglyphic symbols with Greek versions
Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
it gives insight to how those people lived

Cuneiform and the Sumerians | 3,000 BC

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? What does that mean?
nomadic- they roamed from place to place
Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?
it's where cuneiform was first made (the first written language)
What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?
agriculture
Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).

Why was Cuneiform created?
to keep track of business transactionsWhat medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface? clay tablets- they wet the clay, form it into a flat surface, & use a stylus to make impressions
What did Cuneiform begin as a series of? pictographs
Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).

After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into? wedge-shaped language
Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.

After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language? they adopted them
What is a pictograph? a visual representation of an object
Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?
it allowed them to record history and keep track of things

#15 Research & Inspiration

I like the layout and colors.

I like the decorations inside.

Colors I might use.

People I might trace.

I like how he's standing inside.

I like the flowers and the bright blue.

cute little man

I like the circles.

I may use a cart...

interesante

Colors:

blue, yellow, maroon, orange

Song:
Knee Deep by Zac Brown Band

Font:
Cloister Black
Olde English
Cardinal

Brushes:
Hairs set
Vintage bird
Vintage butterflies
Grass brushes
Assorted Vintage
Antique Brushes

#14 Research & Inspiration

This is NPPA's logo

I like the idea of using balloons--I might use it in my poster

I like how to tree is made up of smaller things

I might use this picture in my design