Assignment 16: Research and Inspiration

Infographics are graphic visual representations of data and information. 
They are useful when you need to explain complex information, numbers, or data quickly and effectively.
Good infographics make complicated information easy to understand.
Infographics need to be:

• simple
• creative
• interesting
• organized
• accurate
• relevant

I like how the stripes stretch out to show more information.

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
Phoenicians traveled to Greece on a regular basis

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?

They adapted some of the consonants as vowels

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
It has helped many other languages

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets.

Some of the letters are the same &  there are consonants and vowels

Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

1944 Mark Computer

UNIVAC Computer

1st mouse

Altair

apple I

Apple II

TRS-80

Commodore PET

Apple MacIntosh

What is an abacus?
a tool that is used for doing math
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
freely programmable-Z1
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
It was used by the navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom? Census Bureau.

What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines
What is FORTRAN?
The first high-level programing language
Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
He created the mouse
What is the significance of ARPnet?
It was the first internet that let the protection of information be communicated between military installations
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
The first single chip microprocessor
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
floppy disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
The first ethernet computer network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package.

MS-DOS

Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple
What is GUI?

Graphical user interface

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.

In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
Apple Macintosh- Apple
The commercial only ran one time. When?
January 22, 1984.
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
The Windows operating system
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they? Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak.
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
1990-1991
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
A hidden message in media.
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?

Computers will probably take over most of our lives & the technology will be unimaginable

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
Engravings or woodcuts were used
What is a camera obscura?
A device that projects an image onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.

 
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
to observe solar eclipses
From where did the photographic camera develop?
The portable box version of the camera obscura
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Herschel - from the Greek words for light and writing 

Post the first photograph.

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niece

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Louis Daguerre - reduced the time needed to make photographs - expensive and the image could not be duplicated

Post an example of a Calotype image.

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

William Fox Talbot - unlimited amount of duplicates could be made- the quality of the image was affected

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Frederick Scott Archer- reduced the exposure time - sharper image was produced

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox - this process still made photography complicated - the gelatin still is the base of film still
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?

the inventor of roll film - the Eastman Kodak company.

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.

How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He introduced the camera called the Brownie- just $1
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?

He invented instant photography- Polaroid Corporation

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?

starting motion picture photography

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

What is the Zoopraxiscope?

A device used to show images in successive pages of motion.

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?

He set up a system of cameras that were triggered by a thread when the horse was in motion
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?

You could capture several individual images on a single film reel

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

What is a motion picture projector?

A device that shines a light through a piece of film and magnifies a "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes
What is a "stenographer"?
Someone with skilled transcription of speech

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
reliable transcriber
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Unsparing tests
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Textual material in type

Post an example of Linotype Machine.

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
Mechanical rather than done by hand
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
More efficient

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
Farther spaced apart and in a different order

Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug?
letter forms

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?

Most efficient and rapid

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
The Gutenberg Press

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work?
Form was pressed on a piece of paper
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Experimenting with metal typography
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
to see which one was faster

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
Movable components to reproduce elements of a document
What is a matrix?
Same letter that can be used anywhere in the book
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil based ink
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Wood pulp by Tsai Lun - China
What is a "substrate"?
something to write on
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?

Schoffer - he took credit for producing the Bible
What was the first book he printed?
Bible

Post an example of this book.

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Communication was more widespread

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton
What was the early form of newspapers?
Boston Letter
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The Times in England
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid-1800s?
Iron

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Letters
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Intaglio

Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Ink is applied -Damp paper is placed- wipe paper with cloth

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Ink is forced through mesh

Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
The use of oil and water and how they do not mix, planography

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset Lithography
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Evolved from each other
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow

Black

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
people have to read in order as it was written

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?
Covered and bound collection of hand written pages
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
it was sturdy
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
One can go to any place in the book; Sequential you have to go in order
What were the advantages of using the codex?
people can find things easier
What helped spread the use of the codex?
The rise of Christianity
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it.
Parchment, substrate made from animal skin
What is vellum?
Finer quality of parchment
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
Bible, books
What led to a period of cultural and economic deterioration?
Dark Ages

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monks
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
The borders and illustrations
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Feather pens
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
Christian Masses
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important
Craftsmanship is how a creater puts effort into a piece and it determines the quality of the design

The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
Greek alphabet
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Formal: important documents

Informal: letters

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
easy to use
From where did serifs originate?
Carving of words in stone & they didn't want the chisel to slip

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
Wanted type perfectly aligned in rows

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
The closeness of letters- alignment

Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
Phoenicians traveled to Greece on a regular basis

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?

They adapted some of the consonants as vowels

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
It has helped many other languages

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets.

Some of the letters are the same &  there are consonants and vowels

Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.